Authors - Debabala Swain, Monalisa Swain, Sharmistha Roy, Debabrata Swain, Jayanta Mondal, Prachee Dewangan Abstract - The information stored or transmitted digitally is vulnerable to unauthorized access. The authentication of digital images is a critical issue in the era of digital advancements, given the ease with which any image can be altered. Consequently, methods for verifying the credibility of images are gaining widespread recognition due to their relevance in various societal domains, such as government, military, forensics, and electronic commerce. The significance of protecting images from manipulation has escalated, recognizing that even a minor tampering incident could lead to severe consequences. Hence, safeguarding images from alterations has become increasingly essential. Literature has seen the development of numerous approaches to ensure the genuineness and integrity of digital images. This study offers a comprehensive overview of both domain-based and AI-based watermark techniques for authenticating images, providing the capability to detect tampering and pinpoint the specific manipulated areas within an image.
